Abortion Essays (1298 words) - Abortion Debate, Abortion

Abortion There are few issues that can cause as many heated and sometimes, irrational, debates than that of abortion. The issue strikes at the very heart of an individual's religious and philosophical beliefs. Does a woman have the right to terminate a pregnancy? Is it moral to do so in any circumstance? Is a fetus a living human being? The debate has raged for nearly thirty years and there does not seem to be any end to the controversy that often results in violence. Irrational individuals who have committed murder want to make their beliefs heard and followed. In response to the question, some people have resulted to using qualifiers: no, abortion is not moral except if the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest is one response heard, in fact, some state laws contain this condition. A very large and strong contingent of people say a very loud and aggressive no, abortion is not moral, not under any circumstance and at least as many say a very loud aggressive yes, abortion is moral; it is the woman's choice regarding her own body. The issue of abortion is filled with emotion. Despite the eloquent arguments and the seemingly reasonable reasons supporting abortion, abortion is not moral. It is taking the life of a living being and that can never be considered a moral act. There is more and more support for this opinion. As the Roe v Wade decision reached its 25th anniversary, in fact, there was a growing sentiment in this country that abortion is murder. Perhaps this swell of support against abortion is due to the realization that legal abortion has prohibited 35 million humans from being born (First Things, 1998). In her article, A Defense of Abortion, Judith Jarvis Thomson offered a number of reasons to support abortion. She also used a number of analogies to support her opinions. Thomson conceded the point that opponents of abortion make: a fetus is a person from the moment of conception but she said that abortion is morally permissible even it means killing the fetus and offered a number of analogies and/or hypothetical situations to demonstrate her point. Some of her analogies border on the absurd such as attempting to compare a young boy who does not want to share his box of candy with his younger brother to a pregnant woman who does not want to share her body with this unwanted fetus. It is simply not a rational comparison. Equally absurd would be to counterargue that the little brother is already living, the aborted fetus has not been given the opportunity to live. Ronald Dworkin argued that the law should not call abortion murder. For him, this is a First Amendment issue that deals with the separation of church and state. Dworkin's rationale focused on the fact that most religions do not agree on when life actually begins - at conception, as a four-month fetus or at birth. He alleged that abortion was a religious decision and as such should not be restricted by the law. Pope John Paul II, on the other hand, left no question about abortion in the Catholic Church. The Pope has often argued vigorously that abortion is murder and condemns laws that permit abortion as being intrinsically unjust, lacking in authentic juridical validity, and not being morally binding (Thomson, 1996; p. htm). Dworkin said that there should be an agreement on the sanctity of life, that there is an intrinsic value of life regardless of how it was conceived. But, Dworkin also promotes a metric of disrespect which allows him to distinguish between better and worse abortions and to justify some of the most accepted exceptions to a moral objection to abortion, such as in the cases of incest and rape. In other words, Dworkin does not take a legal stand. He does, however, take a religious stand and bases his arguments from that point of view. He also allows himself a comfortable escape from addressing the morality of abortion by giving exceptions -- his metric of disrespect which one could also call his line of tolerance. It is like a space within which the morality of abortion has no place. If it is a

The Departure of the Workers of the Lumire Factory Essays

The Departure of the Workers of the Lumire Factory Essays The Departure of the Workers of the Lumire Factory Essay The Departure of the Workers of the Lumire Factory Essay Essay Topic: Hilarious The staggering cost of making a blockbuster movie makes one wonder how it all began. When did the studios decide to venture so much money on just one movie, and how do they know that we, the paying public, will want to watch it? Audiences have become much more discerning than they were in those heady days, just over one hundred years ago, when the first paying audience watched their first film.In 1895, the first moving picture, The Departure of the Workers of the Lumire Factory, showed just that employees leaving their place of employment. It was hardly a riveting subject one would have thought. However, the very first cinema audience viewed it with amazement. They were used to seeing magic lantern shows, but this showed real moving subjects. The cost to the early filmmakers, the Lumire brothers, was minimal, only the price of the film.Although they were not the first to project a moving image, the Lumire brothers invented the first portable motion-picture camera, film processing un it and projector all in one machine. They called it the Cinematographe and it made motion pictures very popular. Another of their early movies, The arrival of a Train at the Station, showed the train coming in diagonally across the screen. When it was shown, there was panic. The audience found it so realistic that they thought the train was going to crash into them. The Lumire brothers also filmed the first visual gag. A gardener is watering, when a boy steps on the hose. The gardener looks into the nozzle of the hose to see what is wrong. The boy steps off and the gardener is sprayed with water. This now seems tame, but at the time, people found it hilarious.Despite the popularity of their moving pictures, the Lumire brothers failed to see the commercial possibilities of their invention. Louise Lumire even said, The cinema is an invention without a future. How wrong he was! The new devotees of the emerging film industry had already realised that the home movie approach wasnt going to satisfy their audiences for long an d began to look for more interesting subjects.The first film that told a story was produced in 1903 by the laboratories of Thomas Edison in England. It was The Great Train Robbery, and it caused a nation-wide sensation. This was shortly followed by the first full-length feature film. It was an Australian production called The Story of the Kelly Gang and was shot on location in Victoria by Charles Tait at a total cost of 450. The premiere was held in Melbourne on 24 December 1906, six years before the first full-length features were made in either America or Britain.The first nickelodeons (motion-picture theaters) opened in November 1905, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Soon nickelodeons were opening all over the country and everybody began to go to the movies. Most of the early movies were made in New York and New Jersey, and it was not until 1913 that films began to be made in Hollywood. Since then, every movie mogul has tried to make a bigger and better film, with, it would seem, no expense spared. Has the moving picture show reached its zenith? Possibly not; there are still people who see film differently. They are the true artists, who are looking to create something new and fresh with this amazing medium, without the backing of the movie mogul empires. Perhaps there are even more wonders to behold in the future of cinematography.

Anything of your choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anything of your choice - Essay Example Brainstorm first. Make sure that you have a valid subject. For example: I want to write a letter to my clients about the price increase of our commodities. Draw a clear subject in mind. Know your audience. You can only craft an effective business letter if you know who will be reading your document. You can pick a template, your style, your tone if you know the taste of your readers. Are you writing for the youth council? Customize your message that fits their interest. Do you want to close a good deal with the City’s Engineering Division? Know engineering jargons if necessary. It is crucial to define the people whom you are talking to. Do not send a business letter containing a sea of words. Cut down ideas into pieces. You have to use the rich editor of a Microsoft Word in order to create a navigable document. It is advisable to create a template. This template contains headings, subheadings, ordered list or unordered list to mark the path. It is like a website. Your favorite website should be user friendly. It has a visible navigation menu on the top so that users can easily navigate from one page to another. A readable document should provide a way for readers to read the document by subject or ideas. It will help them navigate from one idea to another. Let’s define our template. It is advisable to create a template for effective business writing, as earlier stated. The document should contain heading for the main subject, and subheadings for the ideas that support the main subject. Make them bold, or increase the font size of your headings to emphasize them. In this way, you can disseminate your message clearly by key points. In addition, it’s appropriate to mark important details with bullets. Make use of ordered list or an unordered list. This is applicable if you are listing information in random order. Here is a sample of bullets (unordered list). Effective business writing entails more revenue. A revenue

Learning journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Learning journal - Essay Example Personal goal(s) setting gives a sense of direction in academics and helps to avoid distractions as they help to motivate the student and also raise the confidence level of the student a notch higher. The goals set should be sharp and clearly defined, goals the student can use to assess forward progress; how much do you want to earn and by what stage? What are the means or ways of achieving this? These among others are the questions that such a student asks himself. Then the best alternative is picked and focused on; it is also helpful to look at the successful individual in the field and borrow a leaf of what led to their success. Financial analyst in this case need to be vigilant always, having information on their fingertips regarding the economic situation regarding macro-economy, information on specific companies, fundamental micro-economics as well as read a lot widely so as to viable in the market. Background Data from the Bereau of Labor Statistics indicates that financial an alysts positions are expected to grow by 23 % between 2010 and 2020, this means 54,200 positions will open up. However, completion for the positions is fierce especially for new analyst hence the need to be relevant so as to be absorbed readily in the market. This means establish a student needs to establish his strengths in the field and polish them to be the best he can be. Median annual earnings in 2011 for financial analyst were $75,650 with the lowest paid 10 % earning $46,300 and the highest- paid 10 % earning $ 145,580; on average the highest paid in the profession work is Bridgeport Conn., New York City and San Francisco. According to research done in Hollywood, it portrays input of long hours one in three put 50-70 hours a week hence need for dedication and readiness to deliver. Among the extra skills needed in the field includes time management since the field is demanding as well as the readiness to work for long hours to reach a target and ensure client’s satisfac tion. Skills Analysis According to Mayes and Shank (2010, p. 2), proficiency in the use of software applications relevant to the field is one of the basic requirements which offer a stepping stone for a start in the field. Technology chances with time hence the need to be aware of the new applications and how to put them to use in the field. This can only be known if one makes the effort to go out and seek the information through the internet or reading the latest journals relevant to the field e.g. The Wall Street Journal, The Financial Times, The Economists as well as other also financial websites which contain the information. Mostly the successful analysts in the field have to incorporate simple computer skills that are important during presentations and analysis. The use of spreadsheets, databases, PowerPoint presentations and other software applications are simple but essential tools for a successful financial analyst in the field today. Not only does a financial analyst need to put long hours in the practice, it is also essential to develop interpersonal relationships with other successful financial analysts who have the ability to mentor him in the same field. Interpersonal relationships nay also include relationships with supervisors and other junior analyst who may play a role in the social life of such

The performance appraisal methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The performance appraisal methods - Essay Example Some might think that this is just a tool to reward the employees and hence they would not care much about the performance appraisal methods that are in place within an organization. Others might just not think about these performance appraisal methods which essentially kills the idea of having these performance appraisal methods in the first place. What is needed however is a collective vision to respect the performance appraisal methods so that there is immense importance tied up with them and the end results are exactly similar to what were expected out of these performance appraisal methods in the first place.  If turnovers are managed properly within the organizations, this would mean that the employees are being handled in a fair enough way. This would also implicate for their understanding that the organization is serious about keeping a balance between the two – the hiring regimes and the firing mechanisms that are in place. This is an imperative understanding becaus e how long the employees would want to stay is directly proportional to how long the organization would like to keep them within their folds. Also the fact that they have been looked after well, given the resources that are required at their ends, allocated work tasks in accordance with their skill set and the like are some of the most salient factors behind managing the turnover in an appropriate capacity (Looise, 2011). These ensure that the company is taken in a nice stead around the industry and people respect it across the board.

The Health Effects of Smoking to Maori and Non-Maori Clients

The Health Effects of Smoking to Maori and Non-Maori Clients INTRODUCTION: The top leading cause of death for Maori and Non-Maori according to the Ministry of Health are Ischemic Heart Disease, Lung Cancer, Cerebrovascular Disease, and Diabetes. (Major causes of death (all ages) | Ministry of Health NZ, n.d.) The leading cause of Lung Cancer is smoking with an 80-90 percent ratio. This is an important topic to investigate for me because this is a life-threatening matter that only one can control, with the help of the family, friends and the organization, New Zealand can be a smoking free environment. Being the top 2 leading cause of death to Maori ethnic, it is a calling for me to focus on this paper by educating them on this matter. This paper primarily aims to decrease the mortality rate of lung cancer by improving the health awareness of the effects of smoking in the body, raise awareness of lung cancer and its symptoms, what are the Maori perception towards smoking, how to overcome the bad habit of smoking and to be aware of what the programs are that the government has to offer with regards to minimizing smoking. Health Effects of Smoking 1. Lung Cancer 2. Smoking is either the direct cause or a contributing factor in 30% Cancer: Esophageal Cancer Head and Neck Cancer Cervical, Ovarian, Breast Cancer Prostate Cancer 3. The effects of a second hand smoking B. The different insights of the Maori and Non Maori towards smoking, origin as to why Maori smoke C. Different programs to stop smoking 1. Nicotine Replacement Therapy 2. Practice Relaxation Techniques 3. Call for Reinforcements 4. Go online for Supports D. Smoke Free by 2025 A. Health Effects of Smoking 1. The usual questions that we are running at the back of our mind are questions like how do we get lung cancer or why is it the top 5 leading cause of death to Maori and non Maori people? We all know that cancer can be genetic and can also be acquired if we have bad habits like eating carcinogenic foods and with lung cancer the risk factors would be smoking and air pollution. I have asked some people as to why do they smoke and their usual answers are smoking helps them cope up with the stressful life they have, may it be from work or at home, smoking for some others would make them relieve and relax. Sometimes youth experienced peer pressure or out of curiosity they’ll do it. But the harmful effects that the chemicals inside a cigarette are obviously not being mind. When we play with fire and our hand got burn, we will actually put away our hand from the fire and perhaps put the fire off unlike smoking it will affect our body in a long term process but once it will scar our lungs that would be irreversible to cure. Our body would be experiencing a lot of physical reactions to every smoke we puff. This chemical highly affects the blood pressure, and increases pulse rate which can lead to palpitations and heart burns thus leads to disturbance in the entire body. There are over 4000 chemical compounds present in cigarette smoke at around 40 plus chemicals are known to be carcinogenic while 200 of it are poisonous ones. Examples of these compounds are carcinogens, benzene, formaldehyde, pesticides, TSNAs, vinyl chloride, toxic metals, arsenic, and cadmium. These chemicals are very toxic which can cause cancer cells. Lung Cancer is the uncontrolled abnormal cell growths that start on attacking one lung or both lungs. The abnormal cells don’t convert to normal cells but rather they rapidly divide and formed into tumor cells. A Passivesmokingmeans you inhale the smoke of one person that smoke which leads to air pollution and increases the risk of lung cancer, but it is still much less percentage than if you smoke yourself. The effect to reduce lung cancer is through prevention, early detection and treatment. 2. Smoking is one risk factor that causes head, neck, esophageal, breast, cervical, ovarian and prostate cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, â€Å"smoking a pack a day doubles your risk factor for cancer.† DNA cells will be damage when smoke is inhaled in the body. My grandfather died of tongue cancer and he actually smoke like a pack of cigarettes each day. And before he died when he was still in the hospital he told my dad who was a smoker before that â€Å"if you love yourself and love my daughter (which is my mom) you need to quit smoking† so right there and then my dad never smoke again. Eighty-five percent of head and neck cancers are linked to tobacco use. Smoking can accelerate cancerous changes in the cervix due to HPV. While women who smoked for 25 years or more and were still smoking had twice the risk of developing ovarian cancer as those who never smoked. Fatty tissues in your breast can be the resting place of carcinogenic compounds who smoke thus links smoking triggers breast cancer. Prostate cancer is simply the uncontrolled and abnormal growth of cells in the prostate which cigarettes has carcinogenic compounds that triggers cancer cells and attacks any part of the body that are weak. (Eldridge,L. (n.d.). Health Effects of Smoking). This are the symptoms that you should watch out for and go direct consult your GP. 3. Passive smoking is the process where you breathe other people’s smoke or when you inhale somebody’s smoke. Back in the Philippines I myself have experienced this situation were all our neighbors are a chain smokers and I kept on telling them to smoke a little bit farther because my baby and I can smell the smoke. We have one of the worst air pollution back in our country thus leads to several of diseases like PTB, COPD, Lung cancer and Pneumonia. As an emergency nurse, I have witnessed a lot of patience who suffered from shortness of breath, coughing or vomiting blood and when I have assessed their habits one thing are common they are active smokers or victim of second hand smokers. That is why when I first step in New Zealand I fell in love with it not just because of its nature but it has a clean fresh air. Lung cancer and second hand smoking has been scientifically connected and linked since mid-1980s and the studies shows that there is a 20 percent increased risk of developing lung cancer to non-smoker who is exposed to second hand smoking. Just 30 minutes of exposure is enough to decrease blood flow to the heart. Around 350 New Zealanders are killed by others peoples tobacco smoke each year. Second hand smoke has been the cause of coronary heart disease, lung cancer, acute stroke, nasal sinus cancer, eye and nasal irritation. An adult who have never tried smoking and is living with a smoker has a 15 percent higher risk of death than those who are living in a smoke free household. Maori children are exposed greatly to second hand smoke than non Maori children. It was Captain James Cook who introduced smoking to Maori in the late 1700s. The Maori thought of him as a demon because his face was smoking and with fire so they poured water on him to check if the fire would go out and if not then he is a demon that needs to be killed. Tobacco is not a Maori tradition, but they became a heavy smoker when they adopted what was introduced to them. Compare to other ethnic groups in New Zealand, smoking to Moari is common most especially to areas in deprivation. In the 19th century most Maori women were painted or photograph with a pipe at hand while Pakeha women is seen with tobacco is unacceptable. In 1899 the MÄ ori newspaperTe Puke ki Hikurangi, the smoke products are used by men, women and the youth for Maori while the Pakeha rule only older men are allowed to smoke while women and young women are not allowed at all. (MÄ ori use of tobacco – MÄ ori smoking, alcohol and drugs – tÃ…Â «peka, waipiro me te taruk ino – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. (n.d.). Around 800 Maori dies each year because of the different diseases caused by smoking tobacco. There has been a 10 percent health gap inequality between Maori and non-Maori due to smoking. The Maori ethnic group actually spends around $260 million in cigarette taxes each year. The Moari leaders are straight forward although the community still control there decision or has a final say to their destiny. But the Maori principle will need mass mobilization and support to realize the benefits from such a commitment. (The Issues Health Secondhand Smoke CanTobacco. (n.d.). Programs to help stop Smoking are: Nicotine Replacement Therapy- it is an invaluable aid to help people to quit smoking. If you are a heavy smoker and wanted to quit, NRT is an helpful material because it gives a cessation somewhat like when you’re smoking. It includes a patch, gum, lozenges which the government of New Zealand offers low cost of NRT. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is a proven efficacious and safe aid for smoking cessation. However, initiation of NRT use remains low, and among those who do use the products insufficient dosages and early termination is common. Practice Relaxation Techniques- Cardio exercises helps you relax and divert yourself from the cravings you are feeling and you must also give your mouth something to chew on like sugarless gum, or hard candy, raw carrots, or celery nuts or something crunchy and satisfying. Calls for reinforcements- this is a program were you ask counseling or someone’s help for moral support most especially from your family, friends and a support group. A chat on the phone or face to face conversation and talk about your cravings or other good things to laugh about. Go for online supports- there are a lot of online sites that would assist an individual who wants to quit smoking. Reading blogs and other successful stories of people who successfully finished the programs would help uplift the spirit of a beginner. Some sites are www.orakeihealth.com, ngati hine health trust in whangarei, koriri marae hauora in wellington and many more. Expressing yourself to others and reading articles to other story relaxes you and can encourage you push through the program process. A motivation to push forward for a better health. Smoke free environment by 2025 is the government programs and their goals are not to ban the cigarettes but tobacco will be difficult to sell and supply. They will increase the tobacco tax per annum. Extend smoke free areas like inside the cars with children, parks and sport fields, bus stops and other transport settings. This will protect the people from the exposure of the second hand smoking. The goal is attainable if everyone would cooperate in attending smoke free events, encouraging and supporting more people to quit, reaching out and giving education to family, school, community and organizations. Tell Maori and Non Moari to not smoke around children and teach children that smoking is harmful to the body. (Smokefree 2025 | Smokefree. (n.d.). Conclusion: The Maori ethnic has the highest incident rate of lung cancer and other diseases caused by smoking because majority of them have embraced smoking as part of their culture when introduced by the British colony. They have been living as a group or tribe in ancient days and today they’re living in an extended form family therefore if one family member is smoking it highly affects the smoker and the family member in a way of second had smoking and children seeing their family member smoke would think that smoking is acceptable and healthy. As a healthcare manager I would highly suggest that health education would be implemented to every facility or company twice a year. This would help the community reach out to each and everyone with no exception to its race, gender, age and social status. Health awareness would slowly help Maori individual accept and adopt that smoking is dangerous to our health. There has been an equal and fair treatment with regards to health care programs as far as I have researched. May it be a citizen or resident of New Zealand, a Maori or non Maori the service has been made for their convenience. Some facilities have even interpreters to help cater the needs of individual. I have observed that some bus stops, train stations don’t have no smoking signs which the public can smoke freely and that can harm other people. To help achieve the governments program of Smokefree by 2025 as an individual we should help our family members, friends, and colleagues educate them and help them go through the program on quitting smoking. References: Major Causes of Death (all ages). (n.d.). RetrievedOctober2014, from http://www.health.govt.nz/nz-health-statistics/health-statistics-and-data-sets/maori-health-data-and-stats/tatau-kahukura-maori-health-chart-book/nga-mana-hauora-tutohu-health-status-indicators/major-causes-death-all-ages Eldridge,L. (n.d.). Health Effects of Smoking. Retrieved from http://http://lungcancer.about.com/od/causesoflungcance1/a/effectsofsmoking.htm The Issues Health Secondhand Smoke CanTobacco. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cantobacco.org.nz/the-issues/health/secondhand-smoke MÄ ori use of tobacco – MÄ ori smoking, alcohol and drugs – tÃ…Â «peka, waipiro me te tarukino – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. (n.d.). InTe Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand – Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand is building a comprehensive guide to our peoples, natural environment, history, culture, economy and society. Retrieved from http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-smoking-alcohol-and-drugs-tupeka-waipiro-me-te-tarukino/page-1 Smokefree 2025 | Smokefree. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://smokefree.org.nz/smokefree-2025 http://youtu.be/9LF7qoJdEXc

Cubism Essay -- Art History Cubism Arts Painting Essays

Cubism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the twentieth century, art was recognized as an imitation of nature. Paintings and portraits were made to look as realistic and three-dimensional as possible, as if seen through a window. Artists were painting in the flamboyant fauvism style. French postimpressionist Paul Cà ©zannes flattened still lives, and African sculptures gained in popularity in Western Europe when artists went looking for a new way of showing their ideas and expressing their views. In 1907 Pablo Picasso created the painting Les Damsoilles d'Avignon, depicting five women whose bodies are constructed of geometric shapes and heads of African masks rather then faces. This new image grew to be known as 'cubism'. The name originating from the critic Louis Vauxcelles, who after reviewing French artist and fellow Cubist Georges Braque exhibition wrote of 'Bizzeries Cubiques', and that objects 'had been reduced to cubes (Arnheim, 1984). Cubism changed the way art was represented and viewed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Picasso, together with Braque, presented a new style of painting that showed the subject from several different angles simultaneously. The result was intended to show the object in a more complete and realistic view than traditional art, to convey a feeling of being able to move around within the painting. ?Cubism abandoned traditional notions of perception, foreshadowing and modeling and aimed to represent solidarity and volume in a three-dimensional plane without converting the two-dimensional canvas illusionalistically into a three-dimensional picture space? (Chivers, 1998). Picasso and Braque pioneered the movement and worked so closely together that they had difficulty telling their own work apart. They referred to each other as Orville and Wilbur, knowing that their contributions to art were every bit as revolutionary as the first flight (Hoving, 1999). Cubism was divided into two categories. Analytical Cubism, beginning in 1907, visually laid out what the artist thought was important about the subject rather then just mimicking it. Body parts and objects within the picture were broken down into geometric shapes that were barley recognizable as the original image. Braque wrote that ?senses deform and the spirit forms?. Analytical Cubism restricted the use of color to simple and dull hues so the emphasis would lie more on the structure. Cà ©zanne said, ?nature should be ... ...ople a different perspective with which to look at reality and evoked new emotions. Cubism set a new standard for what is accepted as a work of art. ?Art no longer had to be aesthetically right or nice to be a masterpiece?(Hoving, 1999). It also set the stage for other artists to test new styles that would have been considered too unorthodox before. Cubism truly embodied the phrase, ?art is in the eye of the beholder.? Bibliography Arnheim, Rudolf. Art and Visual Perception, a psychology of the creative eye.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Los Angelas: University of California Press, 1984. Arnheim, Rudolf. Visual Thinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Los Angelas: University of California Press, 1984. Chilvers, Ian, Harold Osborne, Dennis Farr. The Oxford Dictionary of Art.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Hoving, Thomas. Art for Dummies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foster City California: IDG Books Worldwide, 1999. Miki, Tamon. What is Cubism? The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.cubistic.com. November 29,1999. Robinson, Walter. Instant Art History, from cave art to pop art.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York: Bryon Press Visual Publications, 1995. Schaffner, Ingrid. The Essential Picasso.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York: Harry